My dissertation examines the “Indian Problem” in the twentieth century as a transnational phenomenon across the Américas. I focus on the hemispheric struggle to reconcile indigeneity and nationalism in the twentieth century by examining the history of the Inter-American Indian Institute (IAII) from the 1930s to the 1960s. Using the IAII as a framework I trace the multi-level attempts to reconcile indigenous bodies into nation states, the creation and maintenance of transnational Native and non-Native political and intellectual networks, as well as examine repeated moments of resistance and dissent.